How Does Hydro And Wave Energy Work Environmental Sciences Essay

How Does Hydro And Wave Energy Work Environmental Sciences Essay Vitality otherwise called power is a significant wellspring of vitality utilize all around the globe. Power Energy does a great deal of work, for example, it gives individuals light. It warms our bodies and homes. It runs our TVs and our vehicles. It causes us to develop and move and think. Vitality is the ability to change things. It is the capacity to accomplish work. Light is a kind of vitality we utilize constantly. We use it so we can see. We get a large portion of our light from the sun. Around evening time individuals must make there our own light. As a rule, we use power to make light. In todays world with the assistance of most recent innovation vitality can be made by utilizing heat from sun, intensity of wind and the power of falling water or wave. As of now government from all around the globe are sharp in putting a great deal of cash in these tasks. The tasks are met to be earth benevolent, low in cost, simple to keep up and commotion free. Hydro vitality framework gives vitality that regularly originates from water power and changes over to power. Hydro vitality can be made by utilizing numerous ways. In a large portion of the main nations, the most dependable and modest regular technique for producing vitality from water are hydroelectric dams, where water descends through a zone that makes turbines pivot and afterward vitality can be caught to run a generator. Force can likewise be produced from the vitality of flowing powers or wave power, which utilizes the vitality made by waves. 1.2 Technology in various nations Innovative advances in the plants and in power transmission make it plausible to construct hydroelectric plants in remote areas, a long way from where the force will be utilized. The Itaipu Dam on the Paranã ¡ River among Paraguay and Brazil can create up to 12,600 megawatts of intensity. This plant, opened in 1982, supplies about all Paraguays power and one-fourth of that required for Brazil. Tasik Kenyir (Lake Kenyir) Sultan Mahmud hydroelectric force station in Malaysia has a limit of 400 megawatts of intensity. One of the biggest hydroelectric undertakings on the planet is Chinas Three Gorges venture on the Yangtze River. The dam, intended to control the staggering floods on the stream, incorporates an enormous hydroelectric plant. With a limit of 18,200 megawatts, Three Gorges is anticipated to have the option to give up to one-ninth of Chinas power needs. China has likewise constructed numerous little hydroelectric plants for neighborhood use around the nation. 1.3 Stage of improvement of Hydro Energy Hydroelectric force developed quickly after that. In 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric plants in the United States. By 1889, 200 plants were producing power by utilizing water for a few or the entirety of the force. Simultaneously, hydroelectric force plants opened far and wide. Italy assembled its first hydroelectric plant in 1885 at Tivoli, in the mountains outside Rome. The plant at first fueled lights in the close by town. Be that as it may, by 1892 a second plant in a similar area was giving capacity to Rome, the primary significant distance power transmission in Italy. Different nations with great conditions for hydroelectric force before long manufactured plants. Canada, France, Japan, and Russia were among the first ready. During the period from 1900 to 1950 the utilization of hydroelectric force expanded quickly. 1.4 Economics and legislative issues included Hydro vitality frameworks have a major effect financially as the framework gives vitality to open where they are charged for the overhauled. While this procedure go on capital as a rule comes in the market where each one gets a segment of the business or makes benefit for there business. Politically the framework can have any kind of effect for instance if there is a catastrophic event the administration will make a misfortune. 1.5 Cultural and dynamic in various nations Numerous nations on the planet use hydro vitality framework to make power in a lower cost. At present Canada comes up top of the rundown for high use and the United States comes in second. One of the primary reasons the accompanying nations took the choice to utilize hydro vitality framework the most to deliver power is on the grounds that its a sustainable power source, which implies it won't be drained after some time and it will reliably be renewed. It is additionally a perfect vitality source. 1.6 Possible Problems when utilizing Hydro Energy One issue that can happen when utilizing hydro vitality is that it at some point can change the common progression of the water which can make it conceivable to hurt plants and creatures in the water. It can likewise harm regions and untamed life, as while making a hydro electric dam, regions ought to be overflowed. 1.7 Profitable Hydro Energy framework Different reasons that numerous nations need to utilize hydro vitality is that it is less expensive than utilizing different strategies to change over vitality to power. It is additionally dependable and can be utilized very quickly when gone on to fulfill the need for power. In this way, one must gauge the upsides and downsides before choosing to utilize hydro vitality to flexibly their interest for power. 1.8 Application of Hydro Energy our Major A hydro vitality plant can ingests the vitality of falling water to produce power then a turbine can changes over the vitality of falling water into mechanical vitality. At that point a generator needs to change over the mechanical vitality into electrical energy. Hydro plants can be in various size from miniaturized scale hydro that power truth be told, not many homes. A Dam can raise water level of a stream to make falling water. Also the dam can control the progression of water. The repository that is made is will basically put away vitality. The power of falling water should push against the turbines sharp edges making the turbine turn one way. A water turbine is like a windmill,â except that the vitality is given in various manner, falling water rather than wind. The turbine should change over the motor vitality of falling water into a mechanical vitality. Generator that is associated with the turbine by means of shafts soâ when the turbine turns it makes the generator to pivot additionally change over theâ mechanical vitality from the turbine into electric vitality. Wave Energy 2.1 Background of wave vitality Waves are normally brought about by the breeze which blows over the ocean level. In numerous piece of the world, the breeze blows with various power to give waves that can be utilized to deliver vitality. There is elevated level vitality and power in the sea waves. Wave force can devicesâ and remove vitality legitimately from the surface sea waves or from pressure vacillations beneath the surface. Wave can likewise be produced wave when earth quack happens. Wave powerâ varies widelyâ in various pieces of the world, and wave vitality cannot be usefull successfully all over the place. Wave-force can be found in various regions of the world incorporate the western shorelines of Scotland, northern Canada, southern Africa, Australia, and theâ north-western banks of the United States. 2.2 Technology In the current market innovations and configuration in wave Energy framework has improved hugely. The modern wave power station/plant needs to utilize a shoreline chamber, in which seawater goes back and forth normally. As the water come, the air in the chamber is pressurized and compelled to experience a gap into the turbine, to make it turn. As the water retreats, the air is returns, leaving the turbine turning. The turbine at that point can be associated by means of a pole however the new innovation is utilizing belt to the generator where vitality will be changed over into power. 2.3 Impact on condition In todays world wave power is considered as earth neighborly. Most whine ordinarily originate from nearby neighbors as it tends to be somewhat uproarious, scene, or influence of streets prompting the destinations. These grumbles are at present observed as drawback. 2.4 Political and Economical Impact Wave vitality has had a major effect monetarily and politically from years. Monetarily in a manner when a venture happen it unites capital which implies everybody independent company, contracts workers, shops and many get a part of the business and acquire them benefit. Politically it can influence the administration if the venture doesn't work on account of a cataclysmic event. 2.5 Application of wave vitality Active vitality normally must be in the wave that moves in the sea. The vitality can be utilized to power and run a turbine. Following the model in outline 1 underneath wave should rise while arriving at the chamber. The powers of the rising water really need to push let some circulation into of the chamber. The moving air in red shading appeared in the graph turns the real turbine which will physically turn the generator. After this procedure wave down, wind currents through the turbine and go into the chamber through entryways that are typically shut. Others framework really goes through and down movement of the wave to control cylinder that goes all over inside the chamber. That cylinder ought to have the option to turn a generator. Flowing Power Wave Energy Chart 1 Correlation of various vitality framework Hydro Energy Hydroelectric force has different advantages also. Dams and hydroelectric plants keep going quite a while. This implies once the expenses of building are paid off, a hydroelectric plant turns into a generally economical wellspring of power. Wave Energy Wave vitality framework is in the same class as hydro vitality. Preferences are it doesn't upset open on the off chance that there of commotion. Inconveniences are it can cause harms on the off chance that there are ocean storm and furthermore parasite be hard for designers to do any support. Wind Energy Wind Energy framework work about a similar way wave vitality works. Before engineers used to put enormous turbines in land yet now innovation has improved same framework can be expand on ocean and fills in the same class as some other framework. End Following the conversation between various sort of vitality frameworks. Vitality is a significant factor in todays world. As innovation level is rising better vitality framework is been plan and tried. Presently another vitality framework has been tried which works submerged. The turbine framework is fixed on the ground to protec

Criminal Technology free essay sample

Running Head: CRIMINAL TECHNOLOGY Criminal Technology from the Past into the Future CJ216: Computers, Technology and Criminal Justice Information Systems Professor Lally July 19, 2011 previously, innovation was not progressed; there were not a lot of specialized gadgets. However, the police figured out how to react the quickest method to crisis calls. As time has passed, innovation progressed, so all the innovation that we have now 20 years back individuals didn't know about its reality. That is the reason we will investigate the progressions that innovation has had during that time and how has helped the police. Additionally we are going to perceive what positive changes innovation will give us later on. One of the advances in innovation that the police have is the in-vehicle camera framework. This framework has been essential to assess the presentation of officials and their polished methodology. The capacity of this framework to record video film from the watch has been extremely useful in rush hour gridlock stops, captures, criminal examinations, preparing and inward undertakings. Since the in-vehicle cameras were introduced the officials could recognize tanked individuals or much different crooks and have likewise assisted with excusing officials from unfounded indictments. On the off chance that we contrast the innovation from an earlier time and the innovation we have in the current we can see there is a tremendous distinction. Previously, officials just relied upon their radio and needed to pass all the data they got for a situation and afterward need to sit tight for the dispatchers answer to know whether they could proceed with the capture or not. Presently days, they despite everything utilize the radio, yet they additionally have another emotionally supportive network that is the PC they have in their watch, that way the official can get to all the more effectively and rapidly to the police database. Innovation gives to the police numerous different things that are helpful in their profession like: * Photo Enforcement Systems * Thermal Imaging * Graffiti Cameras * Electronic White Boards * Lasers * Radios * Cameras for K-9 Units * Automatic License Plate Recognition * Global Positioning System (Shultz 2008) There are additionally two significant database frameworks that law authorization organizations use. The NCIC (National Crime Information Center); this framework has an enormous data of offender’s fingerprints and has driven path to the framework that today is known as AFIS of Automated Fingerprint Identification System. Encourage, 2004) The AFIS give all the law authorization offices around the United States a gigantic measure of criminal data just by run a basic unique finger impression. In 1999 the FBI built up another database that is called IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System). This framework not just incorporate fingerprints, it incorpora tes mug shots, scars, criminal accounts and tattoo photographs; likewise incorporate physical attributes like hair shading, eye shading, stature, weight and nom de plumes. The framework additionally has common fingerprints from people who work or worked for the legislature. We have examined the innovation we had previously and the innovation we have now and analyzed both. In any case, what does innovation has arranged for us later on? There are a few models of new innovation that the police can use to support them; there is a framework that is called RCIS (Remote Control Information System) â€Å"Is a profoundly conservative correspondence framework that gives video feed, two-way correspondence and crucial signs observing and has a GPS feature† (Foster, 2004). The Stolen Item Database is another framework that can be use by the law implementation offices. This will work like a scanner and if a store is looted the official could filter the thing that the speculate that was captured has and that way the official can check whether the product is taken or not. For future innovation the Biometrics science which is a science that causes law requirement to figure out who is the right lawbreaker. Biometrics will lead the Criminal Justice System into what's to come. There are various things that need to gather and dissect utilizing biometrics which are: Deoxybunucleic Acid (DNA) from blood tests, facial acknowledgment, iris and retina acknowledgment, fingerprints, palm and impressions. One of the most significant instances of biometrics is DNA. The DNA is extremely useful in the Criminal Justice System since certain occasions a debt of gratitude is in order for a blood model that was found in a wrongdoing scene, it could be figure out who was the individual who carry out the wrongdoing or who was that casualty. Legal researcher can utilize DNA in semen, hair, spit, blood or skin that was found in a wrongdoing scene. This procedure is called DNA profiling. â€Å"In DNA profiling of variable segments of redundant DNA, for example, short couple rehashes and minisatellites, are analyzed between people†. Collins, 1994) This procedure is truly dependable when recognizing coordinating DNA. In any case, when the scene is debased the recognizable proof can be troublesome. (Thinning up top 2005) There is additionally innovation that is creating for police strategic correspondences like: TEA’s LASH headset that was structured particularly for Los Angeles police extraordinary weapons and strategies (SWAT) division. The TEA is a tie that circumvents the neck and inside the lash is a spout module close to the voice box, so you can talk regardless of whether there is a great deal of clamor and the individual who has the other set can hear you yet the others can not. We can say that in the course of recent years innovation has stepped forward, from the radio correspondence to the cameras that are over the traffic lights, emergency signals and even development innovation that the new watches has, similar to camcorders, PC and that's just the beginning. There was additionally advance in the security frameworks, in the past each specialist needed to check the time at they got to their work and the time they left in paper sheets, however now they utilize electronic cards or even chips. For the military there are a few new gear that can be use by sending them to explore without risk the life of one of the fighters. Along these lines, there has been a discovery in innovation that has helped us all around. What progress would we be able to expect for the following 70 years? REFERENCES Foster, R. E. (2004) Police Technology, New York, NY Prentice Hall Moriarty, L. J. (2005) Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century, Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, LTD Schultz, P. D. (2008) The Future is here: Technology in police divisions. From the police boss, Vol. LXXV, no. 6 Balding, D. J. (2005) Weight of proof for legal DNA profiles. London, UK John Wiley child LTD. Collins A. (1994) Likelihood proportions for DNA distinguishing proof Great Britain

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week February 2013 Social Currency Ranking

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week February 2013 Social Currency Ranking Rankings come in all shapes and sizes, but can any ranking truly capture social cachet?  For a different perspective on the value of an MBA, we turn to the  New York Times  society pages, where the editors select and profile promising couples. Each month, we dedicate one B-School Chart of the Week to tallying how alumni from top-ranked business schools are advancing their social currency ranking. More than a few lucky MBAs said “I do” to their valentines last month. Of the approximately 37 total wedding mentions in the New York Times for the month, 11 either held or were working toward an MBA. While Wharton may have dominated winter weddings for the month of January, cupid seems to have had the Midwest in his sights for February. Alumni from Eastern Michigan University’s College of Business, the University of Toledo’s College of Business and Innovation, and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign’s College of Business all had MBAs among the featured newlyweds. But the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business topped the list in February. Gerald Ouderkirk Jr., a Ross alumnus  and the retired co-founder and managing director of the hedge fund Bridgeworth Capital Management, was married to Carolyn Aishton, who retired as the vice president for corporate affairs at Avon Products. Priscilla Flores, a brand manager for Heineken, and Harry Dohnert Jr., the sales and marketing manager at YourEnergy, were also betrothed, and both are Ross MBAs. Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

finance paper - 2682 Words

IMPROVING THE X-RAY PROCESS AT COUNTY HOSPITAL Sullivan University Operations Strategy (MGT620X) Submitted to Submitted by Dr. Wendy Achilles Naresh.Kondepati Shri Haritha.T EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This project is an effort to understand the main reasons for the long waiting times at our X-ray center and determine the†¦show more content†¦So multiple simulation tables were run and analyzed with input of extra personnel or rooms. After all this thorough analysis the best model is formulated and incorporated. Background: As customers, we generally do not like to wait more than the expected wait time. The managers of the establishments at which we wait also do not like long waiting times, since such waits may adversely affect customer’s loyalty, thereby affecting revenues. In general, a queuing system involves customers who enter the system, perhaps wait in a line (a queue), are served, or leave the system not served. At Country hospitals the main problem is the service level at the X-ray processing center. The present X-ray processing center has been the cause of dissatisfaction among patients which is creating a negative reaction among the patients. The present process starts when a patient leaves the physician’s office with instructions and enters the X-ray center to get an X-ray. Once the patient enters he takes a token and waits till he is called by the front desk assistant to fill the background form. Then the patient waits for the X ray technician, the patient then enters the X-ray lab and the X-ray technician takes the required X-rays. Upon completion a darkroom technician develops the X-rays the patient is sent back to the X-ray technician who checks the X-rays for clarity. Based on the clarity of the X-rays the patient returns to the waiting roomShow MoreRelatedFinance Paper3042 Words   |  13 Pagesoperation. 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America Is in the Heart by Carlos Bulosan - 1612 Words

America is in the Heart By: Carlos Bulosan I found the dark hole of the steerage and lay on my bunk for days without food, seasick and lonely. I was restless at night and many disturbing thoughts came to my mind. Why had I left home? What would I do in America? I looked into the faces of my companions for a comforting answer, but they were as young and bewildered as I, and my only consolation was their proximity and the familiarity of their dialects. It was not until we had left Japan that I began to feel better. One day in mid-ocean, I climbed through the narrow passageway to the deck where other steerage passengers were sunning themselves. Most of them were Illocanos, who were fishermen in the northern coastal regions of Luzon.†¦show more content†¦It became no longer her voice, but an angry chorus shouting: â€Å"Why don’t they ship those monkeys back where they came from?† We arrived in Seattle on a June day. My first sight of the approaching land was an exhilarating experience. Everything seemed native and promising to me. It was like coming home after a long voyage, although as yet I had no home in this city. Everything seemed familiar and kind – the white faces of the buildings melting in the soft afternoon sun, the gray contours of the surrounding valleys that seemed to vanish in the last periphery of light. With a sudden surge of joy, I knew that I must find a home in this new land. I had only twenty cents left, not even enough to take me to Chinatown where, I had been informed, a Filipino hotel and two restaurants were located. Fortunately, two oldtimers put me in a car with four others and took us to a hotel on King Street, the heart of Filipino life in Seattle. Marcelo, who was also in the car, had a cousin named Elias who came to our room with another oldtimer. Elias and his unknown friend persuaded my companions to play a strange kind of card game. 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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Harsh-Heart and...

Mr. and Mrs. Harsh-Heart believe in the importance of stern discipline and impose strict rules that they expect their children to obey without question. They penalize behavior harshly, frequently with spanking. Mr. and Mrs. Easy- Going do not use punishment to enforce their rules and believe in natural consequences teaching lessons and setting limits on behavior. They have regular family meetings with their children to discuss household rules and their importance to the family dynamics. Although both forms of parenting are completely different, both ways have their own advantages and disadvantages. Well first off to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the parenting styles between the Harsh-Hearts and the Easy-Goings, their styles†¦show more content†¦As soon as the parent does not want the child to do something, they have the urge to rebel to get what they want. Moreover, since this parenting style is based off of rules, the parents have to potential to alter the rul es to their liking, which may seem unfair to the child and gets them upset. This may leave the child to view â€Å"his parents more of an authority figure than a friend.† (Authoritative Parenting. The Iloveindia website). Now onward to discuss the parenting styles of Mr. and Mrs. Harsh- Heart, as previously mentioned before they use the authoritarian child-rearing approach. Due to the demanding control and harsh discipline, the children grow up to be responsible and obedient later in life. They are raised being scared of doing erroneous actions so therefore they do not commit any crimes when they grow up, because they know it is wrong. It can initially give the child more protection and safety in their lives because the parents won’t give the child a lot of freedom; therefore it protects the child from being curious and getting hurt. The authoritarian parents also demonstrate a â€Å"clear difference between bad and good,† because they implement consistent rules. (Benefits Of Authoritarian Parenting. Benefits Of Authoritarian Parenting). Furthermore, the children that are raised from authoritarian parents learn what is expected from them andShow MoreRelatedStrategy Safari by Mintzberg716 28 Words   |  287 Pagesanother sense, each is also interesting and insightful. An elephant may not be a trunk, but it certainly has a trunk, and it would be difficult to comprehend elephants without reference to trunks. The handicap of blindness does have an unexpected advantage, sharpening the other senses to the subtleties that can escape those who see clearly. THE SCHOOLS. Accordingly, in each of the ten subsequent chapters, we present one of the schools from its own limited perspective. Then we critique it, to extractRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAutonomy Needs Around the Globe 210 Self-Assessment Library What Are My Course Performance Goals? 214 Point/Counterpoint Fear Is a Powerful Motivator 229 Questions for Review 230 Experiential Exercise Goal-Setting Task 230 Ethical Dilemma The Big Easy? 230 Case Incident 1 It’s Not Fair! 231 Case Incident 2 Bullying Bosses 231 8 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 Motivating by Job Design: The Job Characteristics Model 240 The Job Characteristics Model 240 †¢ How Can Jobs BeRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagescentral role in human adaptation and survival. The basic function of fear is to signal a threat or impending danger (Barlow, 2002). The feeling of anxiousness associated with making a speech before 3 4 THE NATURE OF OCD a large audience or going for a job interview is understandable, given the potential for embarrassment or rejection. Even some of the phobias that are well known to clinicians, such as acrophobia (fear of heights) or claustrophobia (fear of enclosed places), are understandableRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY †¢ 11 year for leisure, business or other purposes,† as tourists are described by the World Tourism Organization.5 Much of this mobility is a continuation and expansion of practices that have been going on for centuries: travel for trade and business, the colonization of agricultural lands, the movement of soldiers and sailors, and the constant ebb and flow of forced and free labor to plantations, mines, factories, and domestic service both far

Psychophysiological Insomnia Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.

Question: Discuss about the Psychophysiological Insomnia. Answer: Background Psychophysiological Insomnia is nowadays a common problem where the patient tries to focus on sleep but worries about not getting adequate sleep, which might affect their next day. Earlier it was assumed that maladaptive learning and irregular sleep hygiene are the primary causes of psychophysiological Insomnia. According to a publication by the Association of sleep disorders centres in 1979, this type of insomnia is due to various factors acting simultaneously such as chronic factor, negative sleeping condition and somatized tension anxiety. According to the cluster analysis of Laar and Pevernagie et al. (2015), psychophysiological insomnia can be identified on the basis of polysomnographic variables, sleep history and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. In an Australian study, Psychophysiological Insomnia can be caused with a minimum of 17 hours of sleep deprivation and thus is a significant issue within the scope of community health management. Clinical/ Behavioural Features The patients with suspected psychophysiological insomnia mostly report that they get better sleep outside than at home. They often complain of being light sleepers and can hear everything going on around them during sleep time. Most of the patients find it difficult to fall asleep through the night and waking up early in the morning (van de Laar, Pevernagie, van Mierlo Overeem, 2015). Increased agitation and anxiety during sleeping time with constant worry about sleep is their common distention. People facing this problem tend to be tired airing the whole day and take the help of coffee or other drinks to remain active through the day. They are often unable to take naps in their own beds and are to sleep in others bed or hotel (Richardson, Gradisar Barbero, 2016). Importantly, there exists no explanation of above-mentioned clinical features in terms of the medical, psychological, or neurological concept that can justify the conditions. On the other hand, this is also caused by substance abuse during intoxication, sustained use, and withdrawal (Harada, 2015). Diagnostic Features The diagnostic criteria used by doctors for detecting primary insomnia is the set framed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, containing five defined criteria (Richardson, Gradisar Barbero, 2016). Firstly, suffering from non-restorative sleep for minimum 1 month, secondly, due to irregularity in sleeping, social, occupational and other functioning areas gets disturbed. The third criterion defines the occurrence due to breathing related sleep disorder or parasomnia, fourthly, sleeping disturbance occurs due to other mental disorder like depression, and anxiety. Lastly, it is not under the influence of any substance or medication (Perciaccante Coralli, 2016). The standard tests included in psychophysiological Insomnia treatment includes (1) thyroid function tests and (2) Blood alcohol levels. In addition to this, test related to neuroimaging studies that can reflect presence of structural lesion to cause insomnia; sleep diary questionnaire to describe sleep cycl e among the patient, actigraphy activity monitoring during sleep and waking periods, and multiple sleep latency test to determining duration of sleep, activity period, and efficiency of sleep are also essential diagnostic tools to identify the insomnia features in the patients (Sweetman, 2016). Epidemiology In an Australian survey, it has been reported that women are mostly affected by this problem than men, and it is quite uncommon in children (infant to the early teenage stage). The adults mostly and even some teenagers are the typical patients of psychophysiological insomnia in which anxiety, substance use, and physiological disability or discomfort are essential factors (Kingsbury, Buxton and Emmons, 2014). The prevalence of insomnia in Australia is reflective to affect 13-33% of adult population among which more than 50% of patients are comorbid with depression. Likewise, compared to Whites, Blanks are nearly twice likely to report insomnia conditions. Likewise, related to non-Hispanic Whites, the Hispanic White population are also likely to report insomnia. On the other hand, the sleep disorder is also found to be higher in low-income and minority groups which are attributed to the social factors. Among the global statistics, the African American and Hispanic groups are found to h ave the highest report for psychophysiological insomnia (Kingsbury, Buxton and Emmons, 2014). Pathophysiology Psychophysiological Insomnia may be caused due to bad sleeping behaviour like drinking alcohol, taking sleeping pills, and staying in bed despite being wide awake may sometimes lead to undermining sleep. Sometimes these bad behaviour also continue during the daytime, as due to lack of sleep daytime seems tired (Shekleton, 2014). Some people take the help of caffeine all over the day but are aware of the fact that it will remain in their system for hours and lead to psychophysiological insomnia. In other cases, the neurological imaging is also revealed the presence of structural lesion that can attribute to the pathophysiology. Other than this, substance abuse, disturbed environmental condition like noise, pollution, and light may retain the alertness in an individual that causes insomnia (Shekleton, 2014). Treatment Treatment of Psychophysiological Insomnia includes the combination of all the mentioned procedures. (1) A psychotherapist or sleep specialist helps in assisting the Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT), which aims to transmit the thoughts that weaken sleeping ability. Some4 of the forms of CBT include relaxation training, stimulus control, sleep restriction and biofeedback. (2) Good Sleeping hygiene involves the avoidance of caffeine after noon time and consuming alcohol before four hours of bedtime. (3) Certain sleeping medication as per doctors prescription such as Hypnotics is used to cure depression and also enhance sleeping ability (Richardson, Gradisar Barbero, 2016). In addition to this, sleep restriction therapy and relaxation therapy are also effective in which the time spent by the patient on sleep will be limited as a result of which the sleep onset on subsequent nights can be resumed. Likewise, in relaxation theory, measures like progressive muscle relaxation, biofeedback, and imagery training and thought to stop are effective (Kodsi Kennedy, 2015). Implication Psychophysiological Insomnia has particular health consequences like mood disorders, major depression disorder, anxiety disorder, substance abuse disorder, and medical disorder. There is a relationship between sleep and immunity as lack of sleep results in a change of the innate immunity and also reduces natural killer cell activity (van de Laar, Pevernagie, van Mierlo Overeem, 2015). Even the sleep disorder leads to decrease in ability to handle irritations and thus reduces enjoyment with family, friends and social life. The major implication of psychophysiological insomnia is that it affects the daytime arousal and performance of the individual. This included lack of focus, poor attentiveness, impaired decision making, and lack of energy in all the physical activity. Even it leads to a reduction of job satisfaction and production and results in poorer performance score and increased absenteeism (Perciaccante Coralli, 2016). Overall, the condition is found to be deteriorating of t he individual in terms of its involvement within the family, at the workplace, as well as in terms of deteriorating mental health conditions. References: Harada, D., Yamadera, W., Sato, M., Iwashita, M., Aoki, R., Obuchi, K., ... Nakayama, K. (2015). Effects of two?session group cognitive behavioral therapy for psychophysiological insomnia: A preliminary study.Sleep and Biological Rhythms,13(4), 348-356. Kingsbury, J. H., Buxton, O. M., Emmons, K. M., Redline, S. (2013). Sleep and its relationship to racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease.Current cardiovascular risk reports,7(5), 387-394. Kodsi, A., Kennedy, G. A. (2015). An investigation of sleep and mood factors as predictors of insomnia and the effects of insomnia severity on cognitive performance.The Time of Your Life. Australasian Chronobiology Society, Melbourne, Australia, 5-11. Laar, M., Pevernagie, D., Mierlo, P. V., Overeem, S. (2015). Psychiatric comorbidity and aspects of cognitive coping negatively predict outcome in cognitive behavioral treatment of psychophysiological insomnia. [Assessed from https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/153762 Dated 06 Mar 2017]. Perciaccante, A., Coralli, A. (2016). Franz Kafka's insomnia and parasomnias.The Lancet Neurology,15(10), 1014. Richardson, C. E., Gradisar, M., Barbero, S. C. (2016). Are cognitive insomnia processes involved in the development and maintenance of delayed sleep wake phase disorder?.Sleep medicine reviews,26, 1-8. Shekleton, J. A., Flynn-Evans, E. E., Miller, B., Epstein, L. J., Kirsch, D., Brogna, L. A., ... Lockley, S. W. (2014). Neurobehavioral performance impairment in insomnia: relationships with self-reported sleep and daytime functioning.Sleep,37(1), 107. Sweetman, A., Lack, L., Catcheside, P., Antic, N., Chai-Coetzer, C. L., Smith, S., ... McEvoy, R. D. (2016). 4. Centre for Accident Research Road Safety, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 4000 5. Thoracic Program, The Prince Charles Hospital, QLD, Australia, 4032. van de Laar, M., Pevernagie, D., van Mierlo, P., Overeem, S. (2015). Psychiatric comorbidity and aspects of cognitive coping negatively predict outcome in cognitive behavioral treatment of psychophysiological insomnia.Behavioral sleep medicine,13(2), 140-156.

Mitigation for earthquake and eruption

Both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are natural disasters whose occurrences are beyond human control. Since they are caused by forces of nature, human beings can only take precautions to minimize losses arise from them. Beneath the earth’s surface there is energy build up due to the continued stress on the rocks. Moreover, energy may also build up when these rocks are deformed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mitigation for earthquake and eruption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When disturbed by events such as volcanic activity, a wave called seismic wave occurs. When released suddenly in the crust of the earth, this energy may cause slow to violent shaking of the earth’s surface. This shaking of the earth’s surface is called earthquake and make cause various hazards depending on the intensity of the shaking. Since the energy is mainly derived from the sustained stress and deformation o f the underlying rocks, the precursor signals of earthquakes especially in seismic zones are majorly based on the careful study of the earth’s surface. These signals include any changes in the ground and water levels. Moreover, any change in the electrical conductivity of conductors is also a major indicator of earthquakes as this indicates an increased magnitude of the seismic waves. The recurrence intervals of earthquakes are difficult to map out with accuracy since the events that lead to earthquakes occur deep within the earth’s surface. One is only able to monitor the seismic activities and predict an earthquake. Volcanic eruptions are mainly characterized by release of gases, magma, and dust among other materials from the vents of volcanic mountains. These materials usually originate from the deeper layers of the earth’s surface but find their way out through vents or fissures of the volcanoes. Such eruptions are usually caused by pressure release from the mantle of the volcano. The pressure results from the circulation of the hot magma in the mantle. When released, the pressure forces magma, ash, dust and gases among other materials into the atmosphere and the surrounding areas. Even though the recurrence intervals of volcanic eruptions especially the active ones are difficult to predict, the occurrence of an eruption can be predicted by measuring the gases released by the volcanoes, ground changes and deformation and also changes in the temperatures of the waters on the crater lakes.Advertising Looking for essay on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both earthquakes and eruptions cause loss of lives and damage of properties including roads, hospitals and other vital infrastructures. They can also be a source of cause and spread of diseases. They both damage sewer lines and plants and cause flooding which can lead to spread of pathogens. Moreover, the ashes and gases fro m volcanic eruptions may cause severe respiratory and skin diseases to humans. As the volcanic materials burn and smoother everything on their way like earthquakes, acres of food crops are destroyed leading to food insecurity and its associated consequences. Due to their nature, human beings can only reduce the losses that occur but not prevent earthquakes and eruptions. Such mitigation measures such as measuring of precursor signals and early warnings have saved many lives. Moreover, evacuation of individuals to safer or higher grounds before these disasters and emergency disaster preparedness services such stocking of food, medicine, water and other basic needs will go a long way in saving lives. The first response strategies for both disasters is usually evacuation of individuals to safer grounds, provision of medical care to the injured and provision of basic needs to all victims. Thus, the mitigation measures of both eruption and earthquake are the same. This essay on Mitigation for earthquake and eruption was written and submitted by user Kyra T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters -Stock Valuation Critique Essays

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters -Stock Valuation Critique Essays Green Mountain Coffee Roasters -Stock Valuation Critique Essay Green Mountain Coffee Roasters -Stock Valuation Critique Essay Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Inc. Stock Valuation Critique Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Inc. Has implemented many strategies over its business life span, some that have contributed, and some that have reduced its value. As we commenced the stock valuation critique, we examined Smogs earnings for the past twelve months. Their earnings appear to have doubled from the previous year. This seems to be substantially successful for a coffee business industry, especially with the tendency of variations in sales and earnings. However earnings lone do not account for a companys entire worth. Solely looking at the actual stock price of the company will not give an accurate value due to other factors such as the size of the company. We compared the price per earnings ratio for CACM to many of its competitors and the industry average. As of August 6, 2012 their PIE ratio was 9. 90 compared to the industry of coffee manufacturing and packaging goods which was 47. 60. This is significantly low which drew parallel to its competitor comparison. Pets PIE ratio was 69. 18 and Struck fell in at 25. :

Colonial Settlements in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia from 1900-1965 Thesis

Colonial Settlements in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia from 1900-1965 - Thesis Example Kenya During the periods of war the Imperial design adopted by British for Kenya proved to have a paralyzing effect between the opposing demands of ‘West coast’ and a ‘South African Policy’ which is referred to as â€Å"the conflicting requirements of peasants and settler political economy†. The late Nineteenth century imperialism as demonstrated by the British rule on Africa was the final sortie using which the capitalist system of the world occupied the last continent to remain partly beyond its pale. The system comprised of different types of production modes which were connected at the level of exchange and these all were dominated by the most advanced forms of capital.2 The scuttle for colonies in Africa reached its highest pitch in 1884 when Africa was decided to be partitioned after the Berlin conference among the European colonial rivals. The Brtish acquired the land which is known as Kenya today.3 As the railway project concluded, white settl ement was initiated in Kenya in the early 20th century led by Lord Delamere, Pugnacious a gentleman farmer from Cheshire, England. Lord Delamere was not familiar with the characteristics of the land- its pests and wildlife; hence he faced disasters in his initial ventures. But by 1912, Delamere along with his followers was able to earn a profit by starting mixed agricultural farms which made other Europeans follow suit. They relocated to the highlands near Nairobi. The process of colonization was interrupted by the World War I as two thirds of the 3000 white settlers in the region formed impromptu cavalry units and started searching the Germans in the neighboring places like Tanganyika. After the war was over the settlement process again resumed where the veterans were offered subsidized land in the highlands around Nairobi. The net effect of it was an increase in the white Kenyan population in the area. The population rose from 9000 in 1920 to 80000 in the 19504. The white settleme nt at the fertile region of Kenya ignited grievances among the natives of the land, which grew stronger day by day and in the year 1930 the Kikuyu people spearheaded demonstration against the British to reclaim Kenya under the leadership of Johnstone Kamau, who later came to be known as Jomo Kenyatta and eventually became the first president of Kenya. Initially Kenyatta joined the East Africa Association whose major campaigns were based on issues like land reform, better wages, education and medical facilities for the residents of the country. At the period of British rule it was obvious that these issues will be addressed but will be limited for the region where the Whites were settled and not for the natives. And in the all white legislative council it was difficult to make them hear the interest of the original resident of the land. Therefore Kenyatta soon joined a more forthright association, the Kikuyu Central Association which was eventually banned for its demonstration and ca mpaigns against the White rule. It was in 1929; Kenyatta set out for London with the help of the money supplied by the Indian communists to appeal the case of Kikuyu with the British Colonial Secretary. As can be

Policies and Politics - Patient Representing a Diagnosis Essay

Policies and Politics - Patient Representing a Diagnosis - Essay Example Having such a high annual number of new cases with young citizens is an indication that the role of educators is not achieving effective results. This paper will address the lack of effectiveness of the educators as a policy issue, identify stakeholders, highlight nursing’s political involvement and state the writer’s position on the issue. The writer chose the case of a patient representing a diagnosis because she cared for a newly diagnosed young citizen who claimed not to have been properly informed on lifestyle choices. The American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) provides persons with diabetes and their educators a representation at the state and federal governments, supporting activities relevant to the stakeholders and public policy relating to diabetes. However, according to the policy and advocacy goals they set up years ago, their impact is not as effective as may be desired: 1.9 million new cases in one year do not reflect success. Their goals included supporting initiatives that avoid more people developing diabetes; promoting education in diabetes and the educators’ role in healthcare; campaigning for policies that promote access to self-management training; and attaining reasonable reimbursement for educators. If the goals and the facilitating policies were well thought out, then the nation should have realized a significant drop in the number of new cases. The policies need to be updated. The process of moving a healthcare issue through policy-making, from a bill to an enactment, links health care to politics. This brings together several stakeholders who impact the decision making. They include elected officials, nurses, patients and special interest groups, all with varying perspectives of the situation, which are further diversified by the interests of the political parties.

The Minimum Wage Debate Essay Example for Free

The Minimum Wage Debate Essay Minimum wage laws set legal minimums for the hourly wage paid to certain groups of workers (Gorman). Minimum wage laws were invented in Australia and New Zealand with the purpose of guaranteeing a minimum standard of living for unskilled workers. In the United States, workers are generally entitled to be paid no less than the statutory minimum wage. In the United States, amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act have increased the federal minimum wage from $.25 in 1938 to $7.25 in 2013. Some states and municipalities have set minimum wage levels higher than the federal level, with the highest state minimum wage being . 19 per hour in Washington State as of 2013 (Wikipedia). President Barack Obama’s call for increasing the minimum wage during his State of the Union address has renewed debate among policy experts, politicians and economists, who argue that if enacted the proposal could either drive up unemployment or create more stability for America’s poor. President Obama wants to increase the minimum wage from its current $7.25 to $9.00 an hour, which he said would reduce the number of people in America who work full time but who live in poverty. President Obama states â€Å"this single step would raise the incomes of millions of working families; it could mean the difference between groceries or the food bank; rent or eviction; scraping by or finally getting ahead. For businesses across the country, it would mean customers with more money in their pockets† (White, 2013). This paper will examine President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage by evaluating the history of the minimum wage, the people affected by the minimum wage, the economic way of thinking, and the writer’s perspective of the debate. In conclusion, this paper will provide an alternative to President Obama’s call for an increase in the minimum wage. - The Minimum Wage The minimum wage has a strong social appeal, rooted in concern about the ability of markets to provide income equity for the least able members of the work force. The obvious solution to this concern is to redefine the wage structure politically to achieve a socially preferable distribution of income. Thus, minimum wage laws have usually been judged against the criterion reducing poverty (Wikipedia). Minimum wage laws were also proposed as way to control the increase the spread of sweat shops in manufacturing industries. Sweat shops employed large number of women and young workers, paying them substandard wages. The sweatshop owners were thought to have unfair bargaining power over their workers, and a minimum wage was proposed as a means to make them pay their workers fairly. Eventually, the focus changed to helping people, become more self-sufficient. Today, minimum wage laws affect workers in most low-paid fields of employment (Wikipedia, 2013). There is great disagreement as to whether the minimum wage is effective in attaining its goals. From the time of their introduction, minimum wage laws have been controversial politically, and have received much less support from economists than from the general public. Despite decades of experience and economic research, debates about the costs and benefits of minimum wages continue today. - Literature Review Researching the minimum wage resulted in an abundance of scholarly reviews as well as opinionated news articles which provided the pros and cons of the minimum wage increase proposed by President Obama in his State of Union Address. David Neumark and William Wascher evaluates the effects of the â€Å"Minimum Wage and Employment† states there is a wide range of existing estimates and, accordingly, a lack of consensus about the overall effects on low-wage employment of an increase in the minimum wage. However, the oft-stated assertion that recent research fails to support the traditional review that the minimum wage reduces the employment of low-wage employment of low-wage employment is clearly incorrect. They characterize economist in the debate as those economists who claimed the low-wage labor market at the time as â€Å"marginalists† and those who claimed that it was not as â€Å"institutionalists† (Wascher, 2006). Their findings resulted in studies that provide evidence of positive employment effects of minimum wage, especially from those studies that focus on the broader groups (rather than a narrow industry) for which the competitive model predicts disemployment effects. They also found that studies that focus on the least-skilled groups provide relatively overwhelming evidence of stronger disemployment effects for these groups. Also, John Schmitt reviews evidence on eleven possible adjustments to minimum-wage increases that may help to explain why the measured employment effects are so consistently small. He states that the most important channels of adjustment are: reductions in labor turnover; improvements in organizational efficiency; reductions in wages of higher earners; and small price increases. His report found that little or no employment response to modest increase in the minimum wage and evidence on a range of possible adjustments to minimum-wage increases that may help to explain why the measured employment effects are so consistently small (Schmitt, 2013). As mentioned, online articles from Newsweek, Wikipedia, and Deseret News provided background information as well as opinions that determined the direction in which the writers would approach in this paper. - The people affected by the Minimum Wage Minimum wage workers tend to be young. Although workers under age 25 represented only about one-fifth of hourly paid workers, they made up half of those paid the federal minimum wage or less. Among employed teenagers paid by the hour, about 21 percent earned the minimum wage or less, compared with about 3 percent of workers age 25 and over (See Table I). About 6 percent of women paid hourly rates had wages at or below the prevailing federal minimum, compared with about 3 percent of men. (Of minimum wage earners overall, 67 percent are women, and 33 percent are men). The percentage of workers earning the minimum wage did not vary much across the major race and ethnicity groups. About 5 percent of white, black, and Hispanic hourly-paid workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among Asian hourly paid workers, about3 percent earned the minimum wage or less. Among hourly paid workers age 16 and over, about 10 percent of those who had less than a high school diploma earned the federal minimum wage or less, compared with about 4 percent of those who had a high school diploma (with no college) and about 2 percent of college graduates. Part-time workers (persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week) were more likely than their full-time counterparts to be paid the federal minimum wage or less (about 11 percent versus about 2 percent). About 7 in 10 workers earning the minimum wage or less in 2012 were employed in service occupations, mostly in food preparation and serving related jobs. Among the states, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennes see and Oklahoma had the highest proportions of hourly-paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage (about 6 percent). The percentage of workers earning at or below the Federal minimum wage was lowest (1 percent or less) in Alaska, California and Oregon (Rampell, 2009). Table 1. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2012 annual averages| Characteristic| Number of workers (in thousands)| Percent distribution| Percent of workers paid hourly rates| | Total paid hourly rates| At or below minimum wage| Total paid hourly rates| At or below minimum wage| At or below minimum wage| | | Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| | Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| AGE AND SEX| | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over| 75,276| 3,550| 1,566| 1,984| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 4.7| 2.1| 2.6| 16 to 24 years| 14,909| 1,797| 862| 935| 19.8| 50.6| 55.0| 47.1| 12.1| 5.8| 6.3| 16 to 19 years| 4,044| 854| 484| 370| 5.4| 24.1| 30.9| 18.6| 21.1| 12.0| 9.1| 25 years and over| 60,367| 1,753| 704| 1,049| 80.2| 49.4| 45.0| 52.9| 2.9| 1.2| 1.7| Men, 16 years and over| 37,113| 1,263| 567| 696| 49.3| 35.6| 36.2| 35.1| 3.4| 1.5| 1.9| 16 to 24 years| 7,454| 673| 333| 340| 9.9| 19.0| 21.3| 17.1| 9.0| 4.5| 4.6| 16 to 19 years| 1,922| 366| 207| 159| 2.6| 10.3| 13.2| 8.0| 19.0| 10.8| 8.3| 25 years and over| 29,659| 591| 235| 356| 39.4| 16.6| 15.0| 17.9| 2.0| 0.8| 1.2| Women, 16 years and over| 38,163| 2,287| 999| 1,288| 50.7| 64.4| 63.8| 64.9| 6.0| 2.6| 3.4| 16 to 24 years| 7,455| 1,124| 529| 595| 9.9| 31.7| 33.8| 30.0| 15.1| 7.1| 8.0| 16 to 19 years| 2,122| 489| 278| 211| 2.8| 13.8| 17.8| 10.6| 23.0| 13.1| 9.9| 25 years and over| 30,708| 1,163| 470| 693| 40.8| 32.8| 30.0| 34.9| 3.8| 1.5| 2.3| RA CE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY| | | | | | | | | | | | White (1)| 59,180| 2,760| 1,185| 1,575| 78.6| 77.7| 75.7| 79.4| 4.7| 2.0| 2.7| Men| 29,691| 984| 444| 540| 39.4| 27.7| 28.4| 27.2| 3.3| 1.5| 1.8| Women| 29,490| 1,776| 741| 1,035| 39.2| 50.0| 47.3| 52.2| 6.0| 2.5| 3.5| Black or African American (1)| 10,049| 533| 277| 256| 13.3| 15.0| 17.7| 12.9| 5.3| 2.8| 2.5| Men| 4,522| 183| 85| 98| 6.0| 5.2| 5.4| 4.9| 4.0| 1.9| 2.2| Women| 5,527| 350| 193| 157| 7.3| 9.9| 12.3| 7.9| 6.3| 3.5| 2.8| Asian (1)| 3,403| 117| 48| 69| 4.5| 3.3| 3.1| 3.5| 3.4| 1.4| 2.0| Men| 1,568| 39| 16| 23| 2.1| 1.1| 1.0| 1.2| 2.5| 1.0| 1.5| Women| 1,835| 78| 32| 46| 2.4| 2.2| 2.0| 2.3| 4.3| 1.7| 2.5| Hispanic or Latino (1)| 14,404| 718| 337| 381| 19.1| 20.2| 21.5| 19.2| 5.0| 2.3| 2.6| Men| 8,114| 295| 127| 168| 10.8| 8.3| 8.1| 8.5| 3.6| 1.6| 2.1| Women| 6,290| 423| 210| 213| 8.4| 11.9| 13.4| 10.7| 6.7| 3.3| 3.4| FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS| | | | | | | | | | | | Full-time workers (2)| 54,745| 1,261| 501| 760| 72.7| 35.5| 32.0| 38.3| 2.3| 0.9| 1.4| Men| 30,052| 491| 197| 294| 39.9| 13.8| 12.6| 14.8| 1.6| 0.7| 1.0| Women| 24,693| 770| 304| 466| 32.8| 21.7| 19.4| 23.5| 3.1| 1.2| 1.9| Part-time workers (2)| 20,411| 2,286| 1,063| 1,223| 27.1| 64.4| 67.9| 61.6| 11.2| 5.2| 6.0| Men| 6,998| 772| 370| 402| 9.3| 21.7| 23.6| 20.3| 11.0| 5.3| 5.7| Women| 13,413| 1,513| 693| 820| 17.8| 42.6| 44.3| 41.3| 11.3| 5.2| 6.1| Footnotes: (1) Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. (2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.| NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated (U. S. D. o. Labor, 2013). - Economic Thinking When considering the debate about President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage, it can be framed around select guideposts of economic thinking. The first guidepost that can be applied to the minimum wage debate is â€Å"beware of the secondary effects: economic actions often generate indirect as well as direct effects† (Gwartney, 2013). The direct, immediate effect of increasing the minimum wage is an intended one, but secondary effects, or unintended consequences also present themselves. The law of demand states that the quantity demanded will decrease as the price of the good increases, with all other variables holding steady at constant. In this case, according to the law of demand, an increase in the price of labor, the minimum wage, will cause a decrease in the amount of available positions in the job market. The higher minimum wage will draw more workers into the market, but simultaneously, the higher price of labor will cause employers to offer less employment opportunities for lower skilled workers. Opponents of this viewpoint argue that an increase in the minimum wage will have a more positive secondary effect: $18 billion injected into the economy, along with 100,000 new jobs by 2015, supporting economic growth (White, 2013). President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage appeals to a moral sense; people prefer to see fairness in the job market when it comes to wages. The conservative side of the argument echoes the law of demand. The true test of an economic theory is its ability to accurately predict, another guidepost of economic thinking. The law of demand is a strong one, but considering the changes in other economic variables, it cannot be considered absolute. In New Jersey, the number of fast food jobs actually increased after an 18 percent increase in the minimum wage was instituted (White, 2013). - 2 Sides of the Debate (the writers’ perspective) Increases in the minimum wage have consistently fallen behind inflation, so that in real terms the minimum wage is substantially lower than it was in the 1960s. Meanwhile, worker productivity has doubled. If the current minimum wage seems low, raising it would cost jobs. But there’s evidence on that question. And while there are dissenters, the great preponderance of the evidence points to little if any negative effect of minimum wage increases on employment (Krugman, 2013). It is also important to understand how the minimum wage interacts with other policies aimed at helping lower-paid workers, in particular the earned-income tax credit. The tax credit is also good policy. But it has a well-known defect, some of its benefits end up flowing not to workers but to employers, in the form of lower wages. And guess what? An increase in the minimum wage helps correct this defect. It turns out that the tax credit and the minimum wage aren’t competing policies; they are complem entary policies that work best in tandem (Krugman, 2013). President Obama’s wage proposal is good economics. It is also good politics; a wage increase is supported by an overwhelming majority of voters. Yet G.O.P. leaders in Congress are opposed to any rise. Why? They say that they’re concerned about the people who might lose their jobs, never mind the evidence that this won’t actually happen. We will learn that an increase in wages will restore strength to the economy. We will see room that even more increases in wages will improve the economy. Social costs of labor will be better covered and the economy will work better. The US economy is a mature economy, and that means that labor needs to be paid more of the % of national income as real GDP increases. The real job creators are the bottom 90 percent, including those right at the bottom who would benefit from a minimum wageconsumers, those who spend nearly all of their income on real goods and services and hoard very little of it. And truth be told, without spending there are no sales; without sales there are no profits; without profits there is no demand for workers; without demand for workers there is no job creation; and without job creation there is no recovery. Overall raising the minimum would help some family live a little better and not stress as much with paying for food and utilities. It will help build a sense of pride and self-esteem†¦ after all is this not the land of opportunity (Krugman, 2013). The minimum wage makes it harder for unskilled workers to gain the labor market experience and on-the-job training that would raise their productivity and future pay. Unskilled workers are less attractive with a higher minimum wage because they produce less per hour and th eir hiring diverts more senior workers from revenue producing activities to training and supervision (Shemkus 2011). Firms will only invest in human capital if they expect to receive a return on their investment. Firms will not pay for general skills if workers are likely to leave before firms recoup their investment costs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that 69% of jobs started by workers age 18 to 24 last less than a year. Turnover is even higher for teen age workers. Young workers must therefore pay for the general (often informal) training they receive by accepting a lower wage (Shemkus, 2011). The good news is that once these workers have some experience and training they can command a higher wage. A higher minimum wage encourages firms to hire already trained and experienced workers, eliminates some opportunities for experience and training, and puts an even bigger burden on our vocational schools to train unskilled workers. The effects on employment rates would be exactly the opposite of those supporters foresee. A higher minimum wage, they claim, would be too heavy a burden on employers, especially small business owners. And those employers, in turn, would be unable to hire as many people an undesirable result when unemployment continues to hover at about 8 percent (Shemkus, 2011). When legislators raise the price of low and unskilled labor, it is usually low- and unskilled laborers who end up paying the price, increasing the minimum wage has not proven to be effective at lowering the poverty rate. Multiple studies have demonstrated little to no relationship between a higher minimum wage and reductions in poverty. So it looks like the minimum wage will probably be staying right where it is for some time to come (Shemkus, 2011). - Conclusion In conclusion, the writers’ personally support the President’s call to increase the minimum wage to $9 per hour. However, the writers’ must realistically look at both sides of the debate and recommend an alternative that will ease the minds of US citizens, politicians, and economists (on both sides of the debate). We recommend continuing to allow individual cities and states to mandate the minimum wage deemed necessary for the citizens of their jurisdiction. The Department of Labor states that there are 4 states that have a minimum wage set lower than the federal minimum wage and 19 states (plus DC) with minimum wage rates set higher than the federal minimum wage. There are 22 of the states that have a minimum wage requirement that is the same as the federal minimum wage requirement. The remaining states do not have an established minimum wage requirement (D. O. Labor, 2013). With this said, the Federal minimum wage law will always supersede state minimum wages w here the federal law minimum wage is greater than the state minimum wage. In those states where the state minimum wage is greater than the federal minimum wage, the state minimum wage prevails (D. O. Labor, 2013). This recommendation would protect the minimum wage employees in less than statutory minimum wage states, while granting the federal government a reprieve until the economy get back on its feet. Along the same line, the writers’ also recommend allowing states to regulate their citizen’s minimum wage, the minimum wage would be linked to a consumer price index. This linkage would increase the minimum wage each year. Currently, there are 10 states (AZ, CO, FL, MO, MT, NV, OH, OR, VT, and WA) which already have this recommendation in place (D. O. Labor, 2013). The economy in these states has not been affected by the increase each year. Employees earn enough to live on in their prospective state and the employer’s bottom line is not affected because their charges for products or services are also increased due to inflation. - References Gorman, Linda.). Minimum Wages. Retrieved April 4, 2013, 2013, from http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/printcee.pl Labor, Department Of. (2013). United States Department Of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm Labor, United States Department of. (2013). Characteristics Of Minimum Wage Workers: 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2012.htm Rampell, Catherine. (2009). Who is affected by a higher minimum wage? Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/who-is-affected-by-todays-minimum-wage-hike/ Schmitt, John. (2013). Why Does the Mininmum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment? (pp. 2-24): Center for Economic and Policy Research. Wascher, David Neumark and William. (2006). Minimum Wages And Employment: A Review Of Eveidence From the New Minimum Wage Research. National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 12663, 2-432. White, Mercedes. (20 13). The great minimum wage debate: how Obamas proposal to increase the minimum wage will impact the economy. Retrieved March 27, 2013, from http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865573603/The-great-minimum-wage-debate-how Wikipedia.). Minimum wage in the United States. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States Wikipedia. (2013). Minimum Wage. Retrieved April 14, 2013, 2013, from

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I The Characters...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ralph - Ralph is one of the older kids stranded on the island, one with a natural leadership quality about him. He is one of the stronger, if not the strongest of the boys; 12 year old with common sense to help him get along on his own; unfortunately, common sense doesn’t fly too well with small children. Ralph is stuck between what is considered fun, and what needs to get done in order to have peace on the island. Not a position many would like to be in, but as he was chosen leader, he has the respect of most of the kids on the island.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piggy - Piggy is an eager, chubby kid, who likes to poke his nose where it doesn’t belong. Piggy is the only one on the island that wears glasses to aid his vision, and seems to be a character easily disliked because of his babyish personality. Although he is one of the most rational and logical thinkers, his ideas are seldom heeded, mainly because of his persistent whining. Piggy has asthma, and this makes it difficult for him to work. Ralph, being the first to meet Piggy, became his guardian, and protector from the other children’s cruelty on the island.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack - Jack Merridew is a singer, head of the choir, and has an intimidating appearance and way of talk. Jack is jealous, and when Ralph is elected Chief, Jack forms a bit of hatred in his heart, not revealing it even unto himself until time passes. He is head hunter, and likes fun more than work, and eventually wins the favor of the children, claiming Ralph as a coward, and a person who just dreams about being rescued. II The Conflict...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main conflict in Lord of the Flies is that a fairly large group of boys have been stranded on an island in the Pacific with no adults around to lead and guide them. They do set up a leadership consisting of a chief, and then workers who carry out the chiefs orders. This works great for about a week, but soon the children tire of the work, and do not realize the long term consequences involved with not having necessities like shelter and a signal fire, and before long, fun rebels against common sense, turning the island into chaos. Eventually there is a war, the hunters against the worker/dreamers.

Revolution on British government and society Essay

It is not so much the events of 1688 that constitute a revolution as the subsequent changes in the constitution that show a transformation in the nature and ideology of government. There was no internal uprising, no civil war and most importantly, the succession of William of Orange and his wife Mary to the English throne was authorised by a Convention, acting in lieu of parliament in the absence of King James II. Indeed it could be argued that this was not a revolution at all, if James’ departure is to be interpreted as his abdication. Contemporaries, keen to replace the unpopular, Catholic monarch with a man who was seen as a deliverer from popery and slavery, reasoned as such. In actual fact James never did renounce his claim to the throne. Fleeing London in the dead of night, he took with him The Great Seal, traditionally held by the monarch and dropped it in the Thames and he burnt the writs that were to call anew parliament. He would later attempt to recapture his crown, rallying support in Ireland to prepare for an invasion that was to fail. But whether or not this dynastic change, made by those who, in theory, did not have the authority to do so, is enough to deserve the title revolution, what cannot be denied is that this marks the end of the era of the absolute monarch. William’s Declaration of Rights, which was to become statute within a year, echoed Lockean ideas of sovereignty, supporting a parliament that was to keep check on the authority of the monarch and protecting â€Å"Rights and Liberties† of the people. No King or Queen thereafter would be able to rule as James or Charles had done before them. In the years following the revolution a system of government working through the authority of the executive Privy Council and the houses of Lords and commons, headed by the monarch soon evolved into a working body that formed the basis of what we still have for government today. By the 1720s the way Britain is ruled had been turned around, but the changes cannot be solely accredited to the events of 1688. When William invaded England he had European motives at heart. He was keen to avoid a union of France and England that would be a threat to the Protestants of the Northern and Germanic lands. He was aware of James’ unpopularity as a Catholic ruler of an overwhelmingly Protestant nation and he sought to take advantage of this to try and win allies. He expected to meet with resistance and had prepared and army of troops, but James’ was deserted by the little support he had to begin with in the face of danger, eventually even by his closest advisors and his own sister. William toured England for four weeks, propagandising himself as a saviour from James’ â€Å"evil counsellors,† who had challenged the â€Å"laws, liberties, customs and religion† and wanted to revive Catholicism. He arrived in London and in the absence of the monarch the city was occupied and ordered by his Dutch soldiers while a decision could be reached. It is important to remember that William never independently laid any claim to the throne; he had expected to meet resistance in England. He aimed to battle against what he saw as a catholic threat, which he was careful to stress as being on the part of James’ advisors and not the King himself, and although the impact that this revolution had was profound, it was not all part of a pre-ordained plan. What followed was an immediate crisis. The capital was under the order of foreign troops and the King had deserted. It forced the political nation to examine the constitution and find a solution. A Convention was called and a vote was taken to offer the throne to William and his wife Mary, daughter of the departed king on January 22nd 1689, only a month after James’ departure. It was a hasty political decision, pressure was felt by the presence of Dutch troops, but there was also a Protestant fear of James gathering support and returning, or claims being laid for his infant son, whom he had taken with him. There was resistance, the House of Lords initially voted against the idea, feeling they had sworn an oath of loyalty to James, that he was still their king, and that such radical action was not right. A monarch is not elective. The theory was that the monarch was granted his authority form God and man was not to meddle with His choice. There was no support for a republic, with the feeling that a firm figurehead was necessary to maintain order and a deep attachment felt for hierarchy and patriarchy. Yet to instate a new monarch seemed in itself to mock the whole principal of monarchy. Under pressure from the Commons and from William and Mary themselves and with no other solution, the Lords were finally swayed, their stance weakened by internal disunity and mistrust. Interpretation of the finer details of the theory of monarchy and nuances of vocabulary played and important role in this unique revolution, which, on the whole, was met with popular support. William and Mary had been put on the throne as an alternative to James II. Parliament had granted them this privilege and they were willing to allow parliament a more active role in government. The revolution had been almost ad hoc and there was sparse new ideology to implement, the Convention drawn up by parliament was effectively a reaction to the way in which both Charles II and James II had ruled and a call to protect the people’s â€Å"ancient and indubitable rights. † It was more of a written version of what was previously expected behaviour with little fundamental change to the relationship between legislative and executive powers specified. But William had to accept this as a code of practise from his parliament, recognising that even if the monarch had popularity and capability, he needed to work through the legislative powers. The monarch was required to call parliament to session, but this would be inevitable as William was only granted a year’s revenue. Parliament had the authority to oversee all public expenditure and so the monarch would always be dependant on them. Changes to the structure of government took effect gradually during the years following the revolution, but from the start the role of parliament was augmented, which initiated subsequent developments. They met for much longer sessions than before 1688, enabling a great deal more legislation to be passed, and allowing for Bills to be more thoroughly debated. Much of the legislation passed was still local or occasional in essence, such as permission to build a workhouse, but although this could be viewed as undermining the revolutionary nature of parliament’s more prominent role, the fact that MPs were more available to take action on their electorate’s specific grievances, helped to ease the frictions between local and executive power as the nation’s political make-up was evolving. Although from a modern perspective these changes are viewed as progressing towards a more rational system of government, during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, people were often concerned about social stability which they believed was at risk with so much legal development. It was a commonly held view that life should be stable and predictable. People wanted to feel sure of their position, their income and their king and government. In an era where the poor always risked slipping into poverty after a bad harvest, increasing involvement in foreign warfare and frequent changes in the government, questions were raised about the permanence of law, and whether Common Laws of liberty and property, viewed by many as sacred, were at risk. But at court the belief that good government was upheld by frequent parliament, against the weakness of individual MPs or encroachment by the monarch led to the Triennial Act of 1694, limiting parliament to three years. Elections were held on average every two years and there were various amendments and contests in between. This Act was later replaced and the time extended to seven years, the advisors to the king often too easily influenced elections proved costly and short-lived parliaments. The Act shows parliament as uncertain of its own role, and is an example of a developing government that was evolving along its own path in the years following the revolution, more caused by what the revolution’s changes allowed rather than what they intended. The development of the two key political parties, the Whigs and the Tories is another feature of this evolution of government. With three active parts to the government all being of equally weighted importance, and more frequent changes of personnel in parliament, there was more of a need than ever for politicians to associate themselves with a certain ideology and for Lords and MPs to support each other to push through Bills. William himself wanted to remain above the level of party, which he did, and indeed, there were members of parliament, more so in the House of Lords who chose to be independent and cast their vote on issues individually. But the solidarity of party was the most effective way of getting laws passed and King George himself, not many years later, was aligned with the Whigs, who although in the days of the revolution had been in favour of political progression, now came of as the monarchical party and there were suspicions of Jacobinism in the Tories. Religion was still a very important factor in politics, despite the Act of Toleration in 1689, which allowed non-Anglican Protestants to swear allegiance to the throne. There was still a widely held belief that religious homogony was key to social stability, but it had been the clergy that had shown the most resistance to William taking the crown, and with no clear heir in line for the throne the problem of succession and the possibility of a Jacobite up-rising prompted him, a Calvinist himself, to attempt to include Protestant minorities, especially those in Scotland and Ireland. Although the law did not make any exception for Catholics or Quakers, it did encourage a sense of tolerance that was benefited by both groups. The Quakers would be later allowed the right to practise in legalised meetinghouses, but Catholics still posed a threat, especially in Ireland, where the population was largely Catholic. After the Revolution, James had attempted to reclaim his throne, starting in Ireland, arranging support from France for the Catholic cause. But James lacked the leadership and resolve that he met in William when they met at battle in Derry and Enniskillen and he again escaped to France. The so-called â€Å"bloodless revolution† may have been so in England, but in both Ireland and Scotland the transition was not so smooth. Civil war in Ireland exhausted James’ supporters into defeat and in Scotland a series of â€Å"highland wars† lasted around five months in 1691, which initially started as a Jacobite up rising. William found Scotland impossible to manage. Although not dominated by Catholics, it was not predominantly Anglican either and James had more support here because of his family’s close ties with Scotland. In the years following the Revolution, Scotland was only reluctantly part of Britain. She had her own laws and traditions, presided over by a Scottish parliament in Edinburgh, which declared even further independence with the abolition of the Lord of Articles, further undermining control from Westminster and making Scotland appear more of a threat. William would not be able to exert his Royal will through Edinburgh. But following a bad harvest in 1695, with many dying of hunger or fleeing to Ulster, Scotland realised the benefits of a closer union with England to involve herself in England’s efficient internal trade and lucrative colonial empire. The Act of union came into effect in 1707, dissolving the parliament in Edinburgh and instating peers and MPs from Scotland at Westminster. In England, the union provoked little reaction, but in Scotland it was bitterly opposed by many. Problems within Scotland were often a result of internal social divisions, most markedly between the highland clans and their more anglicised lowland neighbours, who had seen the union as a way to improve Scotland’s economy. The death of Queen Anne in 1714 proved a difficult start for the union. The question was raised of the possible succession of her Catholic half brother, but with the Act of Settlement from 1701 forbidding any non-Protestant to sit on the throne, the Crown was inherited by George I. He faced a Jacobite uprising within the year, but his reign is largely characterised as a time of peace and relative stability after the turbulent post-revolutionary years. The Glorious Revolution had seemed on the surface to be swift, decisive and painless, yet the principals of change that as Burke claimed justified it as a revolution took years to really take shape. By the time of King George the role of monarch had been dramatically reviewed, no longer seen as a ruler from God, but as a figure head for a nation governed by a system of parliament, which relied on the mutual dependency of the two houses and the executive to abide by a sense of appropriate behaviour. Queen Anne was the last to use the Royal veto, something much exploited by the monarchs before 1688, the workings of parliament and the Privy Council had become more regular and thorough and a system of party politics had developed. The characters of William, Anne and George, who all failed to immerse themselves in domestic affaires and the extraordinary calibre of ministers at work during this time, perhaps eased the transition but it still remains that, while the revolution of 1688 had a profound and lasting impact on British society and government, the relationship worked both ways. The practical workings of British society and government were what moulded the developments after the revolution, developments that justified the glorious revolution to be called as such.

Laws And Conventions Affecting Indigenous Peoples - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1205 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Did you like this example? With a substantial portion of the worlds indigenous peoples living in Asia and the Pacific, virtually every country in the region has an indigenous population. While the effectiveness of provisions may vary, some countries recognize the unique status of indigenous peoples and offer the privileges and protections of citizenship. Few countries have enacted laws that recognize any rights of indigenous peoples to ancestral lands, or that support indigenous peoples regaining and strengthening their social, cultural, and legal institutions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Laws And Conventions Affecting Indigenous Peoples" essay for you Create order In many cases, enforcement of laws that may exist has been inadequate. Some countries have experienced conflicts between interests of indigenous peoples and interests of dominant and mainstream communities. These conflicts most often relate to control over and exploitation of natural resources in the areas indigenous peoples claim as traditional domains. Appropriation of ancestral territories or resources in these territories by governments or external interests most often is justified as a part of economic development and growth. Indigenous peoples sparse occupation of large areas of land and nonintensive use of resources often is characterized by external interests as economic inefficiency or lost opportunity. Indigenous peoples land and resource management practices sometimes are viewed as unsustainable or environmentally damaging. At the national level, in some cases, new laws, policies, and other measures may be necessary to reconcile competing demands and conflicting inte rests, especially if interests of indigenous peoples are to be protected. In any case, however, the Bank must respect the will of governments, including legislation and policy that exists and the power of eminent domain that governments possess. Country programs and project selection will be developed in cooperation with governments. When difficulties are encountered, the Bank may be able to provide guidance or assistance through mechanisms such as policy dialogue and technical assistance. International Conventions and Declarations The international community has shown increasing concern for the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. Conventions and declarations of the international community provide a broad framework, as well as specific statements regarding the protection of indigenous peoples and their interests, cultures, ways of life, cultural survival, and development. It may be noted that some international instruments relating to indigenous peoples have not been ratified by large numbers of the international community. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) have specific significance for indigenous peoples. The Universal Declaration provides a common standard for the human rights of all peoples and all nations, and proclaims the importance of traditional, political, and civil rights, as well as basic economic social and cultural rights. The Covenant spells out civil and political rights and guiding pri nciples based on the Universal Declaration. The 1957 International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 107, Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries, addresses the right of indigenous peoples to pursue material well-being and spiritual development, and was a first international instrument in specific support of indigenous peoples. Largely because of its view that indigenous peoples should be integrated into the larger society, a view that subsequently came to be seen by many as inappropriate, Convention No. 107 was followed in 1989 by ILO Convention 169, Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries. Convention No. 169 presents the fundamental concept that the way of life of indigenous and tribal peoples should and will survive, as well as the view that indigenous and tribal peoples and their traditional organizations should be closely involved in the planning and implemen tation of development projects that affect them. As the most comprehensive and most current international legal instrument to address issues vital to indigenous and tribal peoples, Convention No. 169 includes articles that deal with consultation and participation, social security and health, human development, and the environment. To date, Convention No. 169 has been ratified by only a few countries, and so far by none in the Asian and Pacific Region. Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 recognizes the actual and potential contribution of indigenous and tribal peoples to sustainable development. The 1992 Convention on Biodiversity calls on contracting parties to respect traditional indigenous knowledge with regard to the preservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action emerging from the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights recognizes the dignity and unique cultural co ntributions of indigenous peoples, and strongly reaffirms the commitment of the international community to the economic, social, and cultural well-being of indigenous peoples and their enjoyment of the fruits of sustainable development. The United Nations 1993 Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, developed with the direct participation of indigenous peoples representatives and currently under consideration within the United Nations, addresses issues such as the right to participation, the right of indigenous peoples to direct their own development, the right of indigenous peoples to determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of ancestral territories and resources, and the right to self-determination. The emerging concern for indigenous peoples prompted the United Nations to declare 1993 as the International Year of the Worlds Indigenous Peoples and the decade from December 1994 as the Indigenous Peoples Decade. Practices of Other International Institutions Among comparator organizations, World Bank policies and practices are the most relevant to the Bank. The World Banks Operational Directive 4.20: Indigenous Peoples establishes specific approaches to indigenous peoples in World Bank operations. Through its operational directive, the World Bank recognizes and takes into consideration issues such as the identification of indigenous peoples, the attachment of indigenous peoples to land and resources, the significance of distinct linguistic and cultural identities, and the primarily subsistence nature of indigenous peoples production systems. World Bank policy calls for indigenous peoples informed and willing participation in development, and respect for indigenous peoples dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness. For development interventions that affect indigenous peoples directly and significantly, an indigenous peoples development plan is required. Another comparator organization with direct relevance to the Bank is the Int er-American Development Bank (IDB). While IDB does not have a specific policy addressing indigenous peoples, it does address their concerns through its operational activities, an approach IDB considers more relevant to the circumstances of its region. Operational processes relating to involuntary resettlement, poverty reduction, rural development, and environmental and social impact assessment all include specific consideration of indigenous peoples concerns. In the IDB region, the poorest segments of society often are indigenous peoples, and projects are designed specifically to assist these groups. In the IDB, creation of special funds to support activities such as enterprise development and capacity building provide other avenues for the pursuit of issues relating to indigenous peoples. The representative offices that IDB maintains in its client countries provide a basis for country-specific consideration of indigenous peoples concerns. Among United Nations agencies, the Unite d Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has undertaken a number of programs to address indigenous peoples concerns. In the Banks region, the objectives of UNDPs Highland Peoples Programme, covering Cambodia, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Thailand, and Viet Nam, are to increase organizational capacities and opportunities among highland communities, in participatory planning, management, and coordination; establish and/or reinforce exchange mechanisms and procedures; and work for the overall development of highland communities in the four countries covered. https://www.landcoalition.org/program/ipp_int_instruments.html